OMD GEESE Essay Research Paper Running Head free essay sample

OMD GEESE Essay, Research Paper Runing Head: OMD GEESE ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT GEESE GROUP # 97 Anita Clark OMD # 97 Dr. Betsy Summerfield October 14, 1999 Lessons about teamwork can be learned from geese. As each goose flaps its wings it creates upheaval for the birds that follow. By winging in a V formation, the whole flock adds greater winging scope than if each bird flew entirely. When a goose falls out of formation, it instantly feels the retarding force and opposition of winging entirely. It rapidly moves back into formation to take advantage of the raising power of the bird instantly in forepart of it. When the lead goose tyres, it rotates back into the formation and another goose flies to the point place. While winging in formation, geese honk to promote those up front to maintain up their velocity. When a goose gets ill or wounded, two geese bead out of formation and follow it down to assist and protect it. We will write a custom essay sample on OMD GEESE Essay Research Paper Running Head or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They stay with it until it dies or is able to wing once more. They launch out with another formation or catch up with the flock ( Lessons on Teamwork from Geese, 1999 ) . Bluefield College has a alone flock of geese that meet every Thursday dark in the Science edifice on the 2nd floor in room # 222. These peculiar geese honk in every category and are trying to go a squad. OMD # 97 members are a premier illustration of how group intercession can be transformed into a squad. Team edifice creates a civilization that enables communicating, trust and committedness. Critical accomplishments for squad success are factors such as communicating and appreciating differences. Communication and appreciating differences When a group of people becomes genuinely effectual and execute to their possible, each one should possess a constitutional assurance for each other. Understanding how ends can be served by a group attempt is of import. During passage from a group to a squad, communicating accomplishments need to be developed. Talking and listening are important signifiers of communicating. The failing in our group is non speaking. Our geese honk about prep, documents and trials. They fall out of formation when they do non listen or seek to understand what is happening and go disquieted when questioned about their presentations. The group is affected when peculiar members: engage in distractions ( composing, reading, flicking through books, banging book screens, zipping and unzipping notebooks ) ; verbally assail personalities ; make non take part in squad determinations ; make non take the procedure earnestly ; and offer putdowns at every chance. These actions weaken the squad. Listening of others thoughts and sentiments are good to larning and growing. Open communicating helps a squad to raising and construct self-awareness for single squad members. Many of the squad members have opened his or her lines of communicating and begun advancement toward the squad ends. Learning to pass on and appreciating squad members are uninterrupted battles for everyone. Group members are non cognizant they are mutualist on each other # 8217 ; s accomplishments, capablenesss and have a alone agreement of gifts, endowments and resources ( LOTFG, 1999 ) . If these members had any goose sense , they would recognize by remaining in squad formation, they can larn from one another. When squad members portion common ends, they reach their finish quicker by going on the impulse of one another. Working together within the squad has a big impact on public presentation. Bettering relationships between members enables the squad to accomplish their ends. Each member has their ain strength and failings but it is up to the squad to develop the positive traits and transform the negatives traits into positive 1s. Trying to understand the strengths and qualities of each group member takes clip and forbearance. Questioning other members about their values, beliefs and undertakings besides encourage team growing. It is of import for all squad members to hold a voice in what is accomplished each hebdomad. Everyone has alone parts to the squad and members should admit that diverseness is valuable. Diversity helps to do a squad strong and flexible ( Teamworks Module, 1999 ) . Assortment in OMD # 97 is portrayed through accomplishments of a secretary, clerk, safety director, block builder, physical healer, buying agent, two freelance workers and two bankers. We are different, yet similar in our ends and aims. Effective squads build on the experience of others and dispute members to alter their behaviours. Groups frequently have a hard clip admiting and deciding struggles. The better the dealingss among group members, the greater the force per unit area to avoid or minimise struggle. Personality struggles are evident in our geese. Certain members want to be in control and non work as a group. They merely care about voicing their thoughts and beliefs. Some battle to be unbeatable and criticize others for holding better classs. Classs are a large factor in this category and they should no n be. Everyone should assist one another alternatively of seeking to surpass the other. Even the lead goose in formation rotates back into the V and gives another goose a opportunity to be in charge. In OMD # 97, several members do non desire to give up the lead. The ends of the group should be constructing on one another alternatively of working against each other. Interaction within the squad gives everyone a opportunity to voice his or her sentiments. Differences of sentiment frequently create chances for the group to do certain that nil of import has been overlooked. Appropriate behaviour for squad members is leting a figure of different people to hold a voice in what is accomplished. It is besides of import to esteem a fellow squad member in what they have to state. Respect and trust are effectual types of communicating vital to team edifice ; without these signifiers, a squad is neither strong nor effectual. Geese communicate, interact and cognize that by going together, they reach their finish. Decision One of the keys to constructing effectual squads is to understand the strengths, accomplishments, and motives each single brings to the squad. Successful squads are mutualist and acknowledge joint parts of squad members will bring forth better solutions than single parts could. Group members committed to common ends need to understand their squad members # 8217 ; places. An effectual squad is one that accepts the strengths and failings of its members and seeks to capitalise on each member # 8217 ; s strengths. It takes ownership of the undertaking and sees that each member # 8217 ; s thoughts are accepted into the procedure. OMD # 97 has changed from a group to a squad but continuously needs work on squad edifice accomplishments. The group was come oning as a squad, but one cackly gander has become a nuisance. It is evident that this bird is out of formation and is non willing to accept aid to acquire back on path. Several solutions to this job are to overlook the squawk or turn to the issues. The goose solution would be to assist the gander catch up with the flock. The consensus of the squad is to hit the bird and acquire it over with. Mentions Lessons on Teamwork from Geese, 1999. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tpa.org/geese.htm. Teamworks Module, 1999. Fixing to Join a Team, 1999. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vta.spcomm.uiuc.edu/TBG/tbgt1-ov.html. Teamworks Module, 1999. Team Building. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vta.spcomm.uicu.edu/TBG/tbg-ov.html.

Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiffs Injuries †Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course)

Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiffs Injuries – Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiff’s Injuries Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course) Summers V. Tice 33 Cal. 2d 80,199 P2d 1(1948) Facts: Plaintiffs action was against both defendants for an injury to his right eye and face as the result of bring struck by bird shot discharged from a shotgun. The case was tried by the court without a jury and the court found that on November 20, 1945, plaintiff and the two defendants were hunting quail on the open range. Each of the defendants was armed with a 12 gauge shotgun loaded with shells containing 7 1/2 size shot. Prior to going hunting plaintiff discussed the hunting procedure with defendants, indicating that they were to exercise care when shooting and to keep in line. In the course of hunting plaintiff proceeded up a hill, thus placing the hunters at the points of a triangle. The view of defendants with reference to plaintiff was unobstructed and they knew his location. Defendant Tice flushed a quail which rose in flight to a ten foot elevation and flew between plaintiff and defendants. Both defendants shot at the quail, shooting in plaintiffs direction. At that time defendants were 75 yards from plaintiff. One shot struck plaintiff in his eye and another in his upper lip. Finally it was found by the court that as the direct result of the shooting by defendants the shots struck plaintiff as above mentioned and that defendants were negligent in so shooting and plaintiff was not contributor ily negligent. Judicial History: The circuit court ruled in favor of the plaintiff for injuries received while hunting. The appellate court affirmed. The Supreme Court of California denied the hearing of the appellants. Issues: Whether the defendant’s are guilty of negligence for the plaintiff’s injuries. Whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in the hunting accident. Should both defendants’ be held jointly and severally liable? Rules: Yes, both defendants’ are guilty of the negligence caused to the plaintiff in the hunting accident. The court of appeals affirmed the decision of the lower court. The Supreme Court of California denied a hearing. Analysis: The court found that both defendants had shot at the same time in the direction of the plaintiff and knew his location. The defendants acted negligently. It has been held that when a hunting party does exist that it is known to stand in a straight line. Both defendants are held liable when shooting in the direction of the plaintiff. It is up to the defendants to determine the others negligence compared to their own. Conclusion: The judgment was affirmed. Research Papers on Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiff’s Injuries - Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course)Capital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part OneTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey Game

Mies van der Rohe architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mies van der Rohe architecture - Term Paper Example Mies is known for the spiritualization of technique and he was an architect with the special ability to reduce all the problems of his character to the essential simplicity of his architecture. Significantly, the modern style in architecture commonly referred to as High Modernism was introduced in United States of America mainly by Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Mies van der Rohe worked as the director of Germany’s most famous design school, Bauhaus, during 1930-33 and he started applying the Modern architectural style to his works. The liberal members of the Bauhaus such as Mies and Gropius found their way in due course to America when it was disbanded by the Nazis and they reworked the modernist architecture in the 1940s and 50s. As a proponent of the modern architecture, Mies defined interior spaces with modern materials like industrial steel and plate glass in his mature buildings. One of the characteristic features of his style of architecture is that it made use o f minimal framework of structural order and he is the most important architect of the modernist and late-modernist architecture. Significantly, Mies van der Rohe is highly recognized for his skin and bones style architecture and his modernist architecture is esteemed for its plain surfaces and straightforward rectangular shapes which was adapted to the corporate skyscrapers, apartments, and university buildings. As E. C. Relph maintains, â€Å"his plans were simplicity itself. All the buildings were arranged in lines and at right angles, and their basic form was that of a carefully proportioned cube expressing the structure of steel columns and beams as perfectly as possible. The slogan Mies invented to express his design philosophy was ‘Less is More’.† (Relph, 191) Therefore, it is fundamental to maintain that the modernist architecture style introduced by Mies has been noted for simplicity and the skin and bones style achieved grand success in modern architectu re. This paper makes a profound analysis of Mies van der Rohe architecture in order to realize how his work relates to ‘modernism’ we can appreciate today. Born as the son of a stonemason, Mies van der Rohe received practical experience in construction during the early stages of his life and his later architecture style proved to be the milestone in modernist architecture. Soon he became Germany’s most important architect of his time and severed as the director of Bauhaus where he applied his Modernist architectural principles to his works. Whereas his early designs as an independent designer show the influence of Schinkel, he rapidly grew into a Modernist architect with original designs and styles, and his concept of a transparent skyscraper marked a new step towards Modernism. However, due to the scantiness of material science and construction techniques, it took more time for him to establish as the leading proponent of High Modernism. In 1938, he became the h ead of the architectural school at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago and he redefined Modern architecture with a string of important commissions in the following years. â€Å"The elevated glass cube of the Farnsworth House (1950) in Plano, Illinois, took ideas of open, simple interior spaces to their extreme. The pristine steel and glass tower of the Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in Chicago were hailed as perfect new renditions of this building type, and the Seagram Building (1958) in New York was viewed as the prototypical new skyscraper.†

Denver International Airport (DIA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Denver International Airport (DIA) - Essay Example DIA engineers use MapGuide to keep tabs on its massive underground utility systems including 11,365 miles of copper cable – enough to link the U.S to Argentina. The largest airport in the world is King Fahd International Airport in Saudi Arabia. Canada’s Montreal-Mirabel Airport is ranked second. The United States of America’s Denver International Airport occupies third spot (Wikipedia.org, 2007). Denver International Airport {commonly referred to as DIA} is situated in the northeastern area of Denver in the state of Colorado. Its airfield, passenger and cargo facilities cover a massive land area of 54 square miles {140 square kilometers} (Wikipedia.org, 2007). DIA has an unusual signature white colored tension fabric roof that evokes memories of the snow-covered Rocky Mountains during winter (Wikipedia.org, 2007) – Denver lies at the rim of the Great Plains at the foot of the Rocky Mountains (Castellino, p.7). The tallest point of the roof extends 126 feet above floor level. The huge weight of the roof is borne by 34 vertical poles and 10 miles of steel wire (Datawarehouse.com, 2007). DIA is also famous for its unique pedestrian bridge that links its terminal to one of the Concourses; it affords a wonderful view of airplanes taxiing on the tarmac below (Wikipedia.org, 2007). The massive 33 storey, 327 foot high Control Tower was designed by Leo A. Daly and constructed by M.A. Mortensen Co.’s Federal Contracting Group (Flydenver.com, 2007). DIA was constructed primarily as a replacement for Stapleton International Airport that has since been decommissioned. The U.S. Federal government allocated an initial amount of $ 60 million to build DIA in September 1989 (Wikipedia.org, 2007). Hispanic Mayor Federico Pena {term as Mayor: 1983 to 1991} easily the most active, capable and farsighted Mayor of Denver, was in office at that time (Castellino, p.33). Although scheduled to be ready in four years’ time, the project extended to five

Pricing Strategies of Indian Initial Public Offering Essay

Pricing Strategies of Indian Initial Public Offering - Essay Example The costs of undertaking an IPO are very large and as such companies prefer using another method herein referred to as private placements. This is partly because the costs of a placing are far lower than an offer for sale, and partly it is because in 1996 the Stock Exchange scrapped its rule requiring that new issues worth more than  £50m should offer a proportion to the public(Global-Investor 2008). With the introduction of the book-building process, and the scrapping of the concept of par value for shares, the pricing process has become more open. It is now possible to follow the fixed price route or the book-building route for an issue. In case of the book-building process, the price is not fixed, but a price band is suggested. The investors can bid for any price between the cap and the floor, and the quantum of subscription. One of the lead managers will work as the book-runner. The final issue price is determined as the cut-off, at which the issue is fully subscribed. The book -building could be used for 75% of the issue, which could be subscribed by institutions and high net worth individuals, and the balance 25% could be issued to individual investors as a fixed price issue, the price being the cut-off determined via book-building. It is also possible to have 100% book-built issues, where the individual investors also take part in the book-building process. The book-building process can be completely automated (online) using the systems of the stock exchanges. This process is known as e-IPO. The price band at present is 20% i.e. the cap could only be 20% higher than the floor. The price band could be revised during the bidding period, to a maximum of 20% on either side. The public issue should be open for a minimum of five days, and a maximum of ten days. The post-issue promoter holding should be at least 20%, whereas earlier it was 50% in the case of premium issues. If the price band is revised, the bidding period

Consumption Behaviour of Students

Consumption Behaviour of Students Chapter One Introduction 1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1.1 Consumption Behaviour Definition If it is said that marketing in true sense is the conclusion of social culture of post modern consumer culture (Firat, 1993) then an immense burden and responsibility has been imposed to determine the conditions and meanings of life for the future (Firat and Venkatesh, 1993). This life which is dealing with meeting unlimited demands with limited resources in hand and planning to secure future by making savings. So keeping this in view the consumption by individuals is really critical to full fill the needs and to secure the future. So in view of this consumption is definitely a focal point of present social and economic world. And that consumption in return definitely triggers a primary marketing concern of probability to repurchase a product regardless of its type (Peter Olson, 1990). Although consumption is as old as human history and has passed through plenty of phases but even in todays world the repurchase of items is the core priority of sellers. No matter that repurchase is o f basic necessity item or luxury product or whether it is matter of mobile connection or someone is talking about E-Banking or it is making flight reservation, every company tried its level best that a consumer should repeatedly purchase its product. The definition of consumption given by Peter and Olson (1990) is â€Å"use of product.† Peter and Olson (1990) are also of the opinion that it is not easy to define or to comprehend the meaning of consumption as there is a vast difference in the nature of various products and services. Even in this age of Information Technology and Globalization era the meaning of product (includes both goods and services) varies from culture to culture and it keeps on changing from one country to another. If a commodity or service is considered as necessity in one region, in other part of the world it may be categorized as luxury. But despite all these limitations researchers and authors still gave some comprehensive and compact definition of consumption. The idea of consumption defined by Webb (1993) in the following words â€Å"Consumption is the evaluating, buying, using and disposing of  products and services.† But like other fields of study this topic also remained under debate by variety of scholars and researchers in all parts of the world. The word of consumption attracted the attention of researchers and marketers who kept on trying to comprehend the meanings of this idea of â€Å"consumption†. While reviewing books and literature another good and wide-range definition of consumption given by Caru and Cova (2007) in the following words â€Å"Consumption is an activity that involves a production of meaning,  as well as field of symbolic exchanges.† The author elaborates this definition by mentioning that consumers do not consume products but they consume the image and meanings associated with the product and they think that it is mandatory that an object or services should fulfil certain functions. Those functions should meet and better to exceed customers expectation. If it failed to meet their anticipation then they will drop the idea of repurchase of that particular product or in case of services they will avoid to consume or avail that particular service. Simultaneously it is also said that consumption behaviour also refers to single use of a product like a soft-drink can or one can consume a product repeatedly like mobile phone or automobile. This concept of consumption behaviour also covers the issue of disposing off a product ( (Noel, 2009). Like in case of soft drink can or other single used items a general trend emerged over a period of time is that customers prefer those products whose packaging is reusable or can be recycled. But in case of mobile, automobiles, computers customers often sell those products after making multiple use of it. Consumption deals with the variety of question as it is mentioned by Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) like what to buy, when to buy, why to buy, from where to buy, how frequently they should buy, and the question of evaluation that purchase. Simultaneously the impact of evaluation on future purchase and disposing it off are also two important concerns of consumer. 1.1.2 Types of Consumption Schifman and Kanuk (2007) also highlighted two different kinds of consuming entities which deal with the consumption behaviour. The first term is personal consumption which can be defined as when good or services are bought for personal use , for household consumption or to exchange it with someone in shape of a gift. In the mentioned contexts the products are brought for final use by individuals who are referred as end users or ultimate consumers. The second category of consumers is termed as organizational consumption. It includes purchases made by profit and non-profit businesses, government agencies, and institution, all of which must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organizations. Although both mentioned categories are of great importance but in this writing my main objective will be personal consumption. As consumption by end user is the most pervasive of all types of consumer behaviour as it involves every individual, of every age and background, in the role of either customer or user or both (Schifman and Kanuk 2007). It has been revealed from prior consumer spending studies that individuals consume in a specific way and that particular consumption behaviour is in practice due to certain factors like life style, self-image, upbringing and family structure (Martin Bush, 2000; Penman McNeill, 2008). There are some other factors which influence the Consumption Behaviour of young consumers which are parents and grandparents (McNeal 1997), parents income (Page Ridgway, 2001) and parents decision making style (Jay 2005; Elder, 1969). The mentioned factors highlighted the multi-dimensional role of parents. But the role of brands (Page Ridgway, 2001; Doston Hyatt, 2005; Bacca, 2005), consumer socialization (Razak 2003; Gil 2007; Gronhoj, 2007) and advertising (Bacca, 2005; Spero, 2004) may also not be neglected. 1.1.3. World Consumption Statistics The word â€Å"consumption† is synonym to â€Å"spending† or â€Å"expenditure†. So using this synonym, in order to quantify the consumer consumption into US $ following table best explains consumption in different parts of the world. The mentioned figures are for the year 2009. From the above table it can be easily inferred that consumers spend US $ 34,050 billion on mentioned below categories. This amount when converted in trillion it becomes almost US $ 34 trillion. This huge spending is almost 11 times more than USA total budget figure which was exactly 3.1 Trillions (http://www.whitehouse.govt, 2009). So this huge consumption creates my interest to study the factors which are reason of this huge spending. From the above table it is evident that consumer consumption in Asia Pacific is at number 3. Such a high consumption is of great interest for not only academicians but also for marketers. 1.1.4. Malaysian Public university students Consumption Behaviour According to Ministry of Higher Education website (accessed on 2011) there are total twenty public and twenty four private universities in Malaysia. The total enrolment according to MOHE (2007) in public universities is 382,997 Out of this total number 247,881 students which becomes almost 65% registered in undergraduate degree programs. It is consensus by Li, Jiang, An, Shen and Jin (2009) Komarraju, Karau and Ramayah (2007), Penman and McNeill (2008) and Feltham (1998) all are agreed that Young Consumers who are also called as Geberation Y are students. It is also agreed that young consumers fall within the age bracket of 18-24 years. As fas as Malaysia is concerned the total population of Malaysian Youngsters in 2007 was around 5 million which was almost 19% of total Malaysian population (Euromonitor International, 2010). Zainurin, Ahmed and Ghingold (2007) focus on the Malaysian young consumers attitude towards shopping malls. It is highlighted by the authors that Young Malaysian s spent a significant proportion of their monthly expenditures in shopping malls. The sources of income highlighted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) are scholarship or study loan, sponsored by parents, self sponsored and others. But Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) mentioned that the major proportion of spending by young consumers is on clothes, make-up, food, sports equipment and entertainment. In the same article Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) discussed young consumers consultation with parents and concluded that Chinese young consumers as compare to Malay are less likely to interact with their parents. But in case of Indians they are more likely to interact with their parents and less likely to interact with peers in consumption matters. But it will be of great interest to find out that what is consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. As it is mentioned in a report compiled by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2004/2005) Malaysian households spent their high percentage of income on food, groceries and personal care items. But less had been researched on consumption behaviour of young consumers in Malaysia. The Malaysian young consumers is now well aware of products as they are more exposed to Information Technology. Their information due to frequent use of internet along various other factors like socialization, advertising, etc. establishes good awareness of marketing strategies among them. This trend of spending by Malaysian young consumer needs to be further explored. 1.2. Problem Statement As it is mentioned earlier that according to Euromonitor International 2010 the Malaysian Generation Y is about 5 million in 2007. This is also evident from above discussion that Generation Y has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005; Hongjun, 2006; XU, 2007; Henrie Taylor, 2009) to spend on variety of products. So keeping in view, the above mentioned facts Generation Y is a lucrative market for producers. Obviously their consumption behaviour is influenced by different factors and variables. It should be interesting to explore the main contributors towards consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y. The industry like electronics, telecom, consumer products etc. whether fulfil their requirements or do they still fail to meet this Malay Generation Y expectations. It is really of great concern to study that the consumer skills or knowledge which they acquire during their childhood and teenage whether lasts with them for long time or does it keeps on changing during their adulthood. So through this study, I intend to highlight the factors and variables that influence the consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y, which is relatively under-researched in Malaysia. 1.3. Study Objectives The general objective of this research proposal is: To identify general consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program. Whereas under the light of primary objective following are other objectives which will be achieved: To explore differences in the consumption behaviour among the three communities Malay, Chinese and Indians. To determine factors that influence consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university undergraduate students. To prepare recommendation for developing marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students. 1.4. Research Questions RQ. 1. What is the consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program? RQ. 2. What are the differences in consumption behaviour among all three communities i.e. Malay, Chinese and Indians? RQ. 3. How significant each factor in influencing consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students? RQ. 4. What are good recommendations to develop marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students? 1.5. Significance of the Study It has been estimated by US Census Bureau (2010) that more than 17 % of total world population falls within the age bracket of 15-24 years. This age bracket is about 1.14 billion and it was mentioned by Xu (2007) that this age bracket is wealthiest group. As far as Malaysia is concerned, according to Euromonitor International (2010) the population among this age bracket was 5 million in 2007 which became almost 19% of total population. This age bracket normally are part of universities. It is mentioned by Walsh and Mitchell (2005) that education improves analytical skill so through this study I intend to study the students registered in variety of educational degrees from certification/diploma to PhD programs so that their consumption behaviour can be explored. This particular group has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005; Hongjun, 2006; XU, 2007;Henrie Taylor, 2009) as compare to the generation of parents and grandparents. Simultaneously they have less saving spirit as compare to Generation X. To study the consumption behaviour of Generation Y is of great interest as most of the Malaysian studies conducted in shopping malls and authors always studied the way this age group shop. In addition to this they are always studied by combining with teensor tweens. So through this study I will solely study consumption behaviour of Malaysian Generation Y. 1.5.1. Academic Perspective So far lot of studies had been conducted about the behaviour and attitude of Malaysian consumers in shopping malls like grocery shopping by Miranda and Jegasothy, a study of Malaysians behaviour in shopping malls conducted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) etc. But I failed to find any study which is solely targeting Malaysian young consumers. There are studies where main focus was exploring single variable like television viewing by Ghani (2004), culture studied in context of service quality by Kueh and Voon (2007), ethics in consumption studied by Chai and Lung (2009). In the light of above mentioned facts the main focus of this study will be consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. The study will be a food for thought for academicians which will further enhance the existing body of knowledge on the consumption behaviour of young Malaysian consumers. The significance of factors that influence consumption behaviour of young consumers definitely opens new horizons and helps the researchers to broaden the scope from studying attitudes of young consumers in shopping malls to the general consumption of Malaysian young consumers. 1.5.2. Industry Perspective Young consumers are always a great mystery for producers of products. It is really challenging to fulfil their fast changing taste, needs and choices. This study will definitely give a more coherent and clear picture of the factors that influence young Malaysian consumers consumption behaviour. Through this study it will be explored that how Malaysian Generation Y undergo the four steps mentioned in the definition of consumption behaviour which are pre-purchase evaluation, finalizing and making purchase of product, using of product and disposing off product. Through this study the consumption behaviour among three ethnic groups of Malaysia will be explored so that a clear and specific distinction of consumption behaviour among these three groups can be researched which will definitely useful for marketers for developing marketing strategies. Chapter two 2.1. Literature Review For this study I would like to start my discussion by highlighting the importance of marketing. 2.1.1 Marketing and its Importance In Forbes it is mentioned by Trout (2006) that it has been long ago that Peter Drucker, the father of business consulting, made a very profound observation that has been lost in the sands of time which is: Because the purpose of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has twoand only twobasic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, unique function of the business. This concept of marketing is far beyond offering and creating of products and services. Its a matter of customer creation. It deals that how relationship can be established with customer and the ways through which these relationships can be strengthen. It also addresses to certain other critical issues like; How a loyal customer can be created? How product inclusive of goods and services can be innovated? Before discussing this concept in detail it is better to present certain definitions of marketing: Marketing in the words of Kotler, Armstrong, Ang, Leong, Tan, Hon-Ming (2009): â€Å"The process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer realtionships in order to capture value from customers in return.† Another definition of Marketing given by American Marketing Association mentioned by Cooper and Schindler (2006) is: â€Å"It is an organizational function and a set of processes forcreating, communicating and delivering value to customers and formanaging customer relationships in ways that benefits the organizationand its stake holders† Aaker, Kumar and Day (2001) define marketing in the following words: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The marketing concept requires customer satisfaction rather than profit maximization. It is evident from all mentioned definitions that customer is the main focus of each producer and service provider. As it is highlighted by Levitt in 1960 that industry should focus customer- satisfaction process rather than a goods producing process. He emphasized that all producers should understand this philosophy as industry begins with the customers and his/her needs not with the patents or copyrights, neither it starts with raw material or a selling skill. The idea which was presented around 50 years back is still valid and nowadays this main issue is a core concern by all the companies. The Druckers philosophy about business enterprise is very well comprehend by saying that marketing and innovation are two basic functions of business. The idea of marketing keeps on emphasizing that how customers confidence can be won. The companies from USA to Australia, the organizations operating in Africa, the enterprises offering their products in Asia Pacific and regardless of product variety as well as geographic location all are trying hard to satisfy the fast ever changing consumer needs, wants and requirements. Peter and Olson (2008) highlighted that companies are making changes to serve their customers. They have highlighted three reasons of these changes. The first reason of bringing the changes is the dramatic success of Japanese companies such as Toyota and Sony who give ample attention to their consumers and give them value-laden [5] products. This idea spurred other companies philosophies and influence them to prioritize customers taste, needs and wants. The second major reason is the dramatic increase in the quality of consumers and marketing research. In the past although companies conduct surveys and receive feedback from customers which was occasional and not so frequent. But today Information Technology made it easy for retailers and manufacturers to keep the track of customer reactions towards product and services. The third main reason of prioritizing customers taste is the development of internet as marketing tool. As internet is a tool to through which information about products can be shared with vast majority. 2.1.2. Consumer Behaviour Variety of writers like Kotler (2008), Engel, Black and Miniard (1995), Mclver and Naylor (1986), mentioned that understanding and adapting to customer motivation and behaviour is not an option but it is life blood for the survival of companies in this modern world. And this term or subject bring tremendous change in organizational set up. According to McNeal (1982, p. 8) â€Å"consumer behaviour is the preparation for purchase, the purchase act and the use and disposal of those things purchased.† McNeal (1982) also highlighted the three stages for the act of consuming which are (1) pre purchase behaviour, (2) purchase behaviour, (3) post purchase behaviour. The author mentioned that most of the time researchers or writers overlook pre purchase behaviour but that is the stage which cannot and should not be overlooked. While defining â€Å"consumer† author elaborated that consumer is the person who undergo through all mentioned three stages for his benefit or for the benefit of others. So in consumer behaviour the three stages mentioned by McNeal (1982) are integral. And whenever a consumer spends money whether on good or on services he/she has to undergo these three stages. Another definition of consumer behaviour given by East (1997) â€Å"consumer behaviour is about human responses in a commercial world; how and why people buy and use products (include both goods and services), how they react to prices and other promotional tools and what underline mechanisms operate to help and hinder consumption.† 2.1.3. Consumer Behaviour: Bridge the Gap between Producer and Consumer Above mentioned definitions, considered the discipline of Consumer Behaviour as a bridge between producers and customers/consumers. Like commercial world where producers advertise and share the information about the products they are offering to the market and response shown by the customers or consumers can be positive or negative. The positive response of the customer or consumers resulted in the shape of increasing sales, revenue for the company, satisfaction and trust on a particular or all products by a company. But a negative attitude can be like not purchasing the product of a company, shown distrust or sharing negative beliefs about a companys product to others. Simultaneously, the definition also shed light on another important aspect help to study the mechanisms, behaviour or attitude of customers or consumers under the influence of which they stop buying the product or any change in the attitude of customers/consumers towards a product. After discussing the definitions of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour one thing is evident that creation of value for producers and marketers are of core concern. This creation of value is integral and most critical phenomenon for marketers. Value is defined by the customer not by the supplier in the factory or it can also be defined that value is not what the producer puts in but what the customers get out (Khalifa, 2004). So this creation of value should be addressed and deal professionally as if it fail to meet or exceed customers satisfaction than he/she will jump to alternate or competitor. 2.2. Consumption Behaviour in Different parts of The World Consumption is lifeblood of each individual. Consumption can be termed as a process or a phase through which each and every individual of each nation has to undergo (Raijas, Lehtinen, Leskinen, 2010; Kamaruddin Mokhlis, 2003) or consumption is a mean to express and create self identity (Phau Woo, 2008) or consumption is ruled by sports celebrities (Dix, Phau, Pougnet, 2010). So a lot of factors that influence consumption are researched, studied and comprehended in variety of studies. How individuals undergo consumption in different parts of the world are mentioned below: 2.2.1. Consumption Behaviour: American and Canadian Perspective It is highlighted by Moschis and Churchill (1978) that early sociologists speculated that young people learn most of the basics of consumption from their parents. It is interestingly a very valid fact even in this age of information technology and in this world which is called as global village. Parents are still considered as the most valuable, reliable and modest source of knowledge regarding consumption behaviour. Even young consumers not only consider them as ready source of knowledge but even when young consumers start living alone they still consult their parents whenever they have to make any purchases. It was highlighted by Feltham (1998) that primary groups have stronger influence on consumption. Parents are one of the most strongest part of this primary group. Generally it has been observed, researched and mentioned that generally parents are considered as strongest and comprehensive source of knowledge and they have greater influence on the consumption behaviour of their d escendents. Felthams (1998) finding that males are less likely to discuss about consumption with parents and if they do they receive lesser reinforcement but this trend is quite opposite in case of females where they openly and comfortably discuss about consumption with parents and simultaneously they receive positive feedback as well. This finding of Feltham (1998) is consistent with Moschis, Moore and Smiths (1983) results. It is mentioned by Clark, Martin and Bush (2001) that parents are role models for their children in consumption and the way parents educate their children about consumption, brand and other spending activities it lasts with them for quite a long time. 2.2.2 Consumption Behaviour: European Perspective It is highlighted by Rolfe (2005) that young consumers in UK are living with their parents and they are provided with all the necessities but the parents of this Generation Y has more disposable income as compare to the generation of 1960s and 1970s. On the basis of this factor Generation Y are more interested in Branded and expensive items. This fact is highlighted and mentioned by Gronhoj (2007). Both positive and negative experiences teach young people how to direct their future decisions on spending. At the same time, they learn that good intentions can be lost to temptation, and consumer goods and/or services may not be rationally controllable. According to Gil, Andres and Salinas (2007) repetitive consumption of brand establish a loyalty of brand among children and it last with them even when they start living alone. They stick to that brand and loyal to its features. It also mentioned that memories associated with that brand also stopped them from switching the brand. It is fact mentioned by Gil, Andres, and Salinas (2007) that when young consumers start living alone they carry the experience of consumption with them which they learn while living with their parents. They take the same learned consumption behaviour with them which is shown by their parents and which they experience during their stay with their family. As per Gronhoj (2007) young consumers not only spend increasing amounts of money on consumer goods but they exert considerable influence on the consumption choices of the rest of the family. Media through advertisement also shape up the consumption behaviour of these young consumers. Bravo, Fraj and Martinez (2007) highlighted that whenever young consumers faces some new consumption situation which they never encounter earlier they contact their parents. In most of the cases parents kept on giving them suggestions even when they start living alone. It is also realised that young consumers consult their parents more frequently when they start living alone than during their cohabitation. Even the product quality is also dependent of the parents usage, suggestion and recommendation. Schloffer, Maloles III and Chia (2009) mentioned that Generation Y is very well informed generation. They start using computer, internet and other electronic gadgets from the early part of their lives which not only enhance their knowledge for products but also it polishes their thinking capabilities. Internet is a tool for them who helped them in making purchase decisions. They are brand conscious and fashion oriented generation. But simultaneously they are criticised as poor financial planner and considered as they have very low financial skills. In Finland it has been noted and written by Raijas, Lehtinen and Leskinen (2010) that technological and economical institutions facilitate and encourage consumption by offering credit to consumers. These financial institutions are offering credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, etc. Young consumers are availing these credits facilities mainly for two reasons: one is for setting up their own homes and secondly they want to raise their social status. Consumption on mentioned factors leads this Generation Y towards increase their consumption and in some cases this consumption is more than their income which becomes critical and have adverse impact of the countrys economy. Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) mentioned that in some countries and culture the show off becomes trend and people especially young consumers showed it in their consumptions. They purchase products which are classified as speciality products so that they can have separate identity and considered as status oriented and fashion driven. But in countries like France it is the culture that money and possessions should be kept in secrecy. It is also mentioned by Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) that in case of dislocated families young consumers heavily rely on peer communications and media. In this case the important role of parental communication about consumption is missing and these young inexperienced consumers may lead towards excess consumption. 2.2.3. Consumption Behaviour: Asian Perspective According to Hongjune (2005) young consumers always try to experience new things. They are very experiential and innovative. When they are associated to a group of friends then their liking and disliking should be aligned with their peers. If they failed to do so then they have feeling that they will be dropped by their peers. Even in purchasing products they are very careful about the groups opinion with regard to the brand, colour, and features of product. Simultaneously in Singapore it is mentioned by Hongjune (2005) that Generation Y of Singapore has seven pockets. Parents, grandparents from maternal and paternal side and now part time work is also considered as respectable source of income. The income from part time work is sometimes saved but most of the time it has been observed that they kept of spending and the saving spirit is not like their parents or grandparents. Hsu and Chang (2006) on the basis of findings by Moschis and Churchill (1978) mentioned that socialization has an enormous impact on the consumption behaviour of individuals. There are three important and integral socialization agents which are parents, peers and media. Among these three parents are considered as one of the most critical and

The Necessity of Autonomy (Free Will) in Society Essay -- Autonomy Fre

The Necessity of Autonomy (Free Will) in Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Human nature is not a machine to be built after a model, and set to do exactly the work prescribed for it, but a tree, which requires to grow and develop itself on all sides, according to the tendency of the inward forces which make it a living thing.† John Stuart Mill explicitly describes the necessity of autonomy or free will in society to insure the happiness of all. From this perspective one can recognize that autonomy should not only be unconditionally allowed, but also as an aspect of man that was developed along with the ability to reason. In accordance with the natural evolution of man as a rationale being, to limit one’s autonomy would be to deny the very ability that has allowed man’s development to occur. Although the topic of autonomy is prevalent in the field of psychology, the ramifications of limits to, spread throughout all aspects of society as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been criticisms to the necessity of autonomy from the beginning of philosophical thought. However, it can be recognized that these criticisms are often developed with a limited viewpoint. One such critic, B.F. Skinner who stressed the influence of the environment over the individual, argued against autonomy from that particular view. Skinner stated, â€Å"It is clear now that we must take into account what the environment does to an organism not only before but after it responds. Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.† Althou...

Red Bull Marketing Analysis

Red Bull is the leader of the energy drink market. This company created in 1984 by Dietrich Mateschitz performs an annual turnover of more than 3 billion Euros. As we will see in this report, polemics, nonconformist, genius marketing are, among others, the ingredients that made Red Bull the star product of Energy Drink Segment in the world. For more than 20 years, Red Bull has managed to establish itself brilliantly in the world, which, despite the widespread economic gloom, has always taken a growing interest for this new drink. In this report, we will analyse Red Bull and the environment in which the company evolves, its target and positioning trough marketing tools. It will enable us to understand how Red Bull managed to reach its leader position and to think about some recommendations to further improve its strategy. Why did we choose Red Bull? Most of the people have one day see or heard about the brand Red Bull. Red Bull is an energy drink that comes from the adaptation of the Thai energy drink â€Å"Krating Daeng†, which means â€Å"Red Bull†. There are several reasons that explain why we choose Red Bull Company. The first reason of our choice results in a cultural factor. In fact Red Bull is a product that is targeting young customers. It means that, students are the most concerned by Red Bull so this is a product that can affect any of us. Besides it is a â€Å"trendy product† in others words a fashionable product: nowadays everyone has already tasted a Red Bull. The second reason that pushes us to choose Red Bull Company was because of their Marketing communication, which is revolutionary. Some observers say that Red Bull uses an â€Å"anti-brand† strategy. In fact, the company avoided usual methods of marketing, relying more on what is called ‘buzz marketing' or word-of-mouth: â€Å"viral marketing†. A brand image was created and cultivated which associated the drink with youth culture and extreme and adventure-related sports, such as motor sports, mountain biking, snowboarding†¦ In addition, we also choose Red Bull because without Red Bull there would not even be a market for the other products currently crowding the shelves. Thus, sales of the drink grew quickly from the beginning and Red Bull dominates the world’s energy-drink market with a 40% market share. Finally, what influences our choice too, was because Red Bull even being the leader has to face on how to build on its incredible sales growth and about all, and has to face the health issues concerning the effects of drinking Red Bull. Executive Summary A thorough analysis of Red Bull concludes that the company was set up the Energy Drink Market thanks to its own product, Red Bull energy drink. In fact, without Red Bull there would not even be a market for the other products currently massing the shelves. Now Red Bull is energizing people around the globe, touching down in over a hundred countries worldwide. The Red Bull consumers can be divided into two segments: Students (and Clubbers) and workers. Each of them uses the Red Bull energy drinks to meet their personal needs. At the same time they can obtain physical edges, mental edges or just consumption for pleasure. The ambitions of Red Bull are: maintaining the top-brand status in the energy drink market and clearly distinguish themselves from their competitors, who are marketing almost the same product but with extremely low prices. Red Bull uses every ways of marketing to reach their target groups. Their marketing is mainly based on the â€Å"3 pillars of Red Bull: Sampling, Advertising and sponsoring†. In this way Red Bull is not just promoting their energy drink but is also selling a lifestyle, seemingly people are willing to be a part of this Red Bull extreme sports lifestyle. Due to these extensive marketing efforts Red Bull obtained, and still is maintaining, the largest market share (70%) in the energy drinks market. As initiator of the energy drinks market, Red Bull holds a truly unique product. However the competition is high. Their main objectives are: maintain the lead and expand the market to Asia and Western Europe. To achieve these objectives they can create new products â€Å"Black Red Bull† and focus on new target group such as the younger’s (13-15) and the older (35-50). Company Presentation Dietrich Mateschitz founded the company Red Bull GmbH in 1984. GmbH is the German equivalent of a limited liability company; it stands for ‘Gesellshaft mit beschrankter Haftung'. The company's origins, though, lie in the owner's time spent in Asia. He came across products known as ‘tonic drinks' and saw the chance to market functional drinks outside Asia. One of these tonics, which came from Thailand and was used by workers to stay awake during their shifts, was called Krating Daeng or ‘Red Bull'. Mateschitz approached the manufacturers of the drink and bought the foreign licensing rights in exchange for a 51% stake in his company. When Mateschitz launched the drink in his native Austria, he decided to target young professionals, rather than factory workers, as this younger segment of the population was more affluent and more appreciative of a trendy marketing campaign. The Austrian market has been the first to commercialize the blue and red can with its famous slogan â€Å"It gives you wings†. Today, Red bull company has a turnover of 3 billion euro a year which increased of 7,9% in 2008. The drink is present in 160 countries in the world and it’s the third soda drunk in Europe just behind Pepsi and Coca. Red Bull operates within the energy drinks sector of the soft drinks market. This product is an example of a ‘functional' drink. Functional foods respond to consumer interest in well being and performance. The major multinational soft drinks companies are investing in the area of functional drinks, developing their own brands and buying up existing ones. This is seen as being important, given that their traditional soft drinks markets are at the maturity stage in many countries. For these multinationals, new functional drinks offer opportunities for renewed business growth. Nevertheless, the product was forbidden in some European countries because of the taurine effects and a high rate of caffeine with the European precaution law. But for a few years, mentality evolves and countries are more open-minded and could commercialise this product. In 2010, Red bull is present in 25 European countries but not yet in Denmark for health safety as the Canada. This drink is supposed to give energy to the costumer thanks to a mixture of different ingredients (caffeine, guarana, taurine). The main target is the teenagers and young adults (16-35 years old). We can observe that, it would be pertinent to target teenagers in order to appeal more consumers of energy drink. This drink is sold four times more expensive than others drinks; today it’s  £ 1,60. We can find this product in shops but also in nightclubs. Red Bull has an aggressive international marketing campaign. The numerous sponsored activities range from extreme sports like windsurfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, kayaking, wake boarding, cliff diving, surfing, skating, freestyle motocross, rally, Formula 1 racing (World Champion 2010), and break dancing to art shows, music, and video games. In keeping with their target market of young males, Red Bull has also enlisted help from celebrities, such as Eminem that would appeal to this group (sponsoring the Red Bull â€Å"Em See Battle Rap championships†). It also hosts events like the Red Bull Flugtag and other such contests. Red Bull also sponsors soccer teams, with clubs in Austria, Germany, The United States and Brazil featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a â€Å"cool† public image and raise brand power. In addition, the slender container is used to suggest a â€Å"sexier† image than some other cola counterparts. The Red Bull brand is associated with a designer image, energy-giving properties and glamorous lifestyles. These brand qualities have been developed through company sponsorship of sporting activities such as: motorsports, winter sports, base jumping, mountain biking; and cultural events such as the Red Bull Music Academy.

Advisor vs. Adviser, Advice vs. Advise

Advisor vs. Adviser, Advice vs. Advise Advisor vs. Adviser, Advice vs. Advise Advisor vs. Adviser, Advice vs. Advise By Michael When you advise someone, you give advice. One is a verb, the other is a noun. And where does advice come from? Good advice is offered by advisers/advisors. The spelling is the only difference between those two words, and usually adviser and advisor mean the same thing. Spelling it with an e is more common, but either spelling is correct. The spellchecker in my computer marks advisor as incorrect. The words advice and advise can be confused. As I just said, one is a verb, the other is a noun. Fortunately, theyre spelled slightly differently and pronounced slightly differently. Advice, spelled with a c, has an s sound. Advise, spelled with an s, has a z sound. When the word is spelled with a c, its advice, a noun a recommendation of what to do. When the word is spelled with an s, its advise, a verb to give a recommendation of what to do. Too bad theyre not both spelled phonetically. It would be nice if we could be talking about advise vs advize. But we cant. There is no such word as advize. Or advicer. These words can be somewhat formal: How would you advise me? is less casual than What do you think I should do? And the word adviser is even more formal, especially with the less common spelling of advisor. Heads of state have advisers to help them make decisions. In the medieval Islamic world, they were called viziers, and theoretically the Ottoman sultan governed only through the Grand Vizier. Of course, heads of state are not the only ones who need advice. Advice can be minor, as in If you want my advice, pick up a crab behind the head, and not always major, as in My advice is to never fight a land war in Asia. But if someone advises you that your shoelace is untied, you wouldnt call them your adviser. Definitions of Advise, Advice and Adviser advice a recommendation, a wise suggestion of what to do. Good advice will help you as long as you listen to it and follow it. advise to give advice, to counsel, to suggest or recommend a proper course of action. adviser/advisor someone who gives advice, counsel, or guidance, often in an official capacity. Right/Wrong Examples of the Use of Advise and Advice Right: I would advise people not to step on bees with their bare feet. (Advise is a verb. Saying I would advise is more deferential than I advise because it does not directly tell someone what they should do.) Wrong: I adviced him to bet on the old gray nag in the second race. (There is no such verb as adviced, and old horses usually dont win races.) Right: My advice is not to step on a bee with your bare feet. (Correct, advice is a noun and can be given away.) Wrong: If you want my advise, dont you step on bees at all. (Advise is not a noun, so you cant give it to someone. Otherwise, good advice.) Right: His advisers cautioned him to wear shoes. (An adviser tries to give helpful recommendations.) Wrong: I hired one of those so-called fashion advicers but they were too fancy for me. (Its adviser not advicer.) Where Did These Words Come From? When I started writing this article, I was sure I knew the origins of these words. I was sure there was an ancient Latin word advisere, from the Latin roots ad to, toward and visere to see. The prefix ad appears in adhere stick to and admire gaze, look at. But maybe I was wrong. First of all, the Latin word for to see is videre, not visere. But I was ready to explain that an adviser helps you see more clearly, and so on. More likely, these words come from the French. The word vis usually meant face, but it also meant opinion. Phrases such as à §o mest vis or il m’est avis que mean In my view or It seems to me that By the late 14th century in England, avis gained the meaning of opinion worth listening to, counsel worth following. But around the 16th century, English scholars must have said, Those French people are spelling it wrong. It must have come from the Latin word advisere and needs a d. Norwegians must have made the same assumption, or else borrowed the English assumption, because the Norwegian word for to advise is advisere. By the way, though an vizier was an adviser, that word has a different origin: the Arabic wazir one who carries [the burdens of government]. We can thank the editors and printers of early modern England for giving different spellings to advise and advice and to other easily-confused noun/verb pairs, using s for verbs and c for nouns. Some of these distinctions have been lost in American English: in practice/practise and license/licence, we use the first spelling for both verbs and nouns. Is There a Difference between Adviser and Advisor? Both spellings mean the same thing, though adviser is more common. But there is a technical difference when talking about financial advisors. First, let me point out that trademark laws inspire new spellings and phrases. You cant trademark a common word. If you mix alcoholic drinks behind a bar, I guess that makes you a bartender, and if youre doing the work of a bartender, the International Bartenders Association wont keep you from calling yourself one, even if youre not a member of their association. But if they invented an uncommon term, such Certified Liquor Technician, they could trademark that title, and allow only their members to use it. For example, in America, the National Association of REALTORS ® has trademarked the word Realtor. Usually such a word would end with er not or, though this spelling was used in Congress as early as 1919, and mocked in Sinclair Lewiss novel Babbit in 1922. But using the less-common spelling, and especially capitalizing it, makes it more proprietary. After all, any licensed people who sell buildings or land, or who help people buy buildings or land, can call themselves real estate agents. In Britain, they are called estate agents. But only members of the National Association of REALTORS ® can call themselves realtors. By all means, dont call yourself a realter that word means to alter again. Wait, that might work in the home remodeling industry. In fact, an expert at home remodeling can become a Certified Graduate Remodelor (CGR) but only after meeting the requirements set by the Remodelors Council. Note the o again. In the United States, the â€Å"Investment Advisers Act of 1940† regulates investment advisers. Note the spelling. So if you advise people about how to keep a budget or to get out of debt, you might want to call yourself an advisor to make it clearer that youre not selling advice about stocks and bonds. If you’re a stock broker youre helping people to buy stocks but not telling them what to buy you might call yourself an â€Å"advisor.† But if youre a Registered Investment Adviser and really do provide investment advice, it doesnt matter how you spell it or what you call it: you would be subject to that 1940 law (if youre working in the United States I havent actually read the law). The Relationship of Advise, Advice, and Adviser You can often turn a verb about doing something into a noun about a person who does it, by adding -er to the end of the verb. For example, the verb to farm is an activity done by a farmer. A farmer farms. He or she practices farming. We can do that with the verb advise by adding er or or, Advising is done by an adviser. Advisers advise. Advisers give advice. It may seem like advice is a noun that has a verb form, but its really the other way around. The verb advise came first, Advice is the result of advising. Thats why there are advisers but not advicers. Like -er, the word endings -or or even -ar can also be used to make a noun that means someone who does something, who practices a verb. A director directs, an editor edits, and an educator educates. A beggar begs, a liar lies, and a burglar burgles (well, he does). Sometimes the original verb has become obscured by time. In classical Latin, a doctor was a teacher, someone who practiced the verb docere, to teach. But these three endings are not always related to verbs. They can also be used for someone associated with something a prisoner lives in a prison, a jeweler works with jewelry, a registrar keeps a registry. Advice vs Advise Quiz For each sentence, select which word should be used: 1. The Secretary of War gave his [advice/advise]: it would not be smart to deploy their full army to one area. advise advice 2. Teachers will [advice/advise] you that doing your homework will improve your grades. advise advice 3. I do not [advice/advise] letting children play in the woods without taking a bath afterwards. advise advice 4. When his [advice/advise] caused his client to lose half his savings, the investment adviser lost his client. advise advice Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should Avoid50 Synonyms for "Assistant"The Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

Free Essays on Struggles

Katheren Millet once said â€Å"Because of our social circumstances, the male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different.† Women our constantly at odds with themselves to be treated and respected like men. Males struggle to find peace within themselves and handle the stress of being a male. Society expects certain standards from both men and women that are not always the right things to follow for people to feel at peace with themselves. This causes the never ending struggle we as a society face to be happy in our own lives. Women have fought for equal rights and jobs and to be treated as a man since the beginning of time. Women in the beginning were just a source of carrying on life. They were there to give birth and that was it. Women have always tried to prove themselves to men, hoping to be as worthy of respect as men seem to be. Because a society has taught women to feel like they have to be on a man’s standard, we are forcing a society to be something that they aren’t. Girls today are being forced in so many directions to try and become what is considered the right and proper way for a girl to act.â€Å"It is feminist women who write and edit books and magazines for teen girls. It is feminist women who hacve fought for abortion rights and the end to parental consent laws for girls. It is feminst women who have championed the right of girls to be as sexually free as boys. In short, these older women are the authors of the girlhood project. Are they now the right parties to repair the damage done?† (Whitehead, 375) Whitehead discusses here how ridiculous it is and sounds for a girl to be taught to be exactly what guys should not be. Just because male standards allow things that should not really be allowed by a society does not mean that for there to be equality a woman must also behave in those ways. Men also have standards that they must live up to as a society. A man is t... Free Essays on Struggles Free Essays on Struggles Katheren Millet once said â€Å"Because of our social circumstances, the male and female are really two cultures and their life experiences are utterly different.† Women our constantly at odds with themselves to be treated and respected like men. Males struggle to find peace within themselves and handle the stress of being a male. Society expects certain standards from both men and women that are not always the right things to follow for people to feel at peace with themselves. This causes the never ending struggle we as a society face to be happy in our own lives. Women have fought for equal rights and jobs and to be treated as a man since the beginning of time. Women in the beginning were just a source of carrying on life. They were there to give birth and that was it. Women have always tried to prove themselves to men, hoping to be as worthy of respect as men seem to be. Because a society has taught women to feel like they have to be on a man’s standard, we are forcing a society to be something that they aren’t. Girls today are being forced in so many directions to try and become what is considered the right and proper way for a girl to act.â€Å"It is feminist women who write and edit books and magazines for teen girls. It is feminist women who hacve fought for abortion rights and the end to parental consent laws for girls. It is feminst women who have championed the right of girls to be as sexually free as boys. In short, these older women are the authors of the girlhood project. Are they now the right parties to repair the damage done?† (Whitehead, 375) Whitehead discusses here how ridiculous it is and sounds for a girl to be taught to be exactly what guys should not be. Just because male standards allow things that should not really be allowed by a society does not mean that for there to be equality a woman must also behave in those ways. Men also have standards that they must live up to as a society. A man is t...

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US Research Paper

The minimum age to vote, drive, and serve in the military in US - Research Paper Example Young adults from the age of 18 are allowed to join the military and defend the country, for example, during Vietnam War many young Americans from the age of 18 participated in the war. The legal age for alcohol consumption in US is 21, before 1984, the legal drinking age was 18 and it was later on changed in the course of the year to 21 through the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (Koroknay 2005). The drinking age was increased because of several reasons that I will also explain this article. Due to the changes in the ages, I believe it is unethical that the United States government allows its citizens to vote, drive, and serve in the military a full three years before they are allowed to consume alcohol. Before 1971, the voting age in US was 21, Senator Kennedy raise the matter of the age arguing that it is wrong for young adults to join the military and defend the country but they cannot vote since the minimum age of serving in the military during that time was 18. Kennedy receives overwhelming support from the senators and he took the mater to senate committee for constitution amendment. The bill passed and the age was reduced to 18. Another argument was that young adults pay taxes when they buy any item, some work and they are eligible to be given driving license, so why can’t they vote. Many school students across US during that time were lobbying for the voting age to be lowered to 18. The president of the nation youth’s rights association argued that in the society, young adults take part in many things such as paying taxes or being charged of crime so they should be allowed to vote. He went ahead and argued that if young adults are allowed to vote it will add rea l meaning and relevance to social studies and civics subjects in school which taught before the age of 18 (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). When the voting age is lowered, it is a liberal action, this is because it will create more opportunities for younger adults to have a say in the formation of the government. If the age is increased, it will become a conservative action because young adults will not have the wisdom and experience to know what is good for them (Christopher and Dobkin 2011). This change in voting age is just a change in the liberal direction and currently people are changing their attitudes towards equality and rights. The critics of the idea argued that young people lack the required level of knowledge and complexity to make informed decision on electing leaders; many believe that young people can be swayed easily by politician to vote for them irrespective of their character. One of the main critics about the idea was Curtis Gans who is the director of committee fo r the study of American Electorate (). He thought that it is a dumb idea if the voting age was lowered to 18 since at that age, a person can be drafted and die for the country. At the same time, young adults at the age of 18 lack life experience and do not understand the issues facing a country in details. In the American history, the right to vote has expanded vigorously to be more inclusive, and this come as a result of hard political battle by the disenfranchised group who are demanding for political representation. When US constitution was drafted in 1789, only the white people was allowed to vote and later the constitution was amended to allow the black vote (Traci, Toben, and Lenk 2009). In 1920, the 19th constitutional amendment

The learning environment in regards to general nursing students Essay

The learning environment in regards to general nursing students - Essay Example Teaching and learning is a dynamic, collaborative, reciprocal life-long process of growth arising from interaction between teacher and the student. Teaching faculty is responsible for guiding learning activities, which create an environment that is conducive to learning and valuing of self as a basis for caring for others among the nursing students. In addition, they provide opportunities to practice skills, and offer positive reinforcement as motivation for learning. As a diverse group of scholars, both the teaching faculty and the students interact with the environment bringing a variety of orientation influenced by factors such as previous experience, lifestyles, and desires for achievement. Recognizing these differences it is essential to provide opportunities to validate prior learning. In this context it becomes essential that instructional strategies should be designed to respond to individual differences. As the nursing students actively participate in the teaching- learning process, they become more independent, self-directed, and creative in meeting their learning needs. Critical thinking and self-evaluation are integral elements in the teaching – learning process.